Understanding myasthenia gravis

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction, a connection between nerves and muscles. This disruption leads to muscle weakness, which can make everyday activities challenging. 

While MG can impact various muscle groups, it most commonly affects the eyes, arms, legs and muscles used for speaking, chewing, swallowing and breathing. 

Dr. Nakul Katyal of the Kentucky Neuroscience Institute shares insights about the symptoms, treatments and future of myasthenia gravis. 

Early signs and symptoms of MG

The first signs of MG can be subtle but often include drooping eyelids (ptosis) and double vision. 

As the disease progresses, some people experience weakness in their arms and legs, making it difficult to climb stairs or lift objects. Others may struggle with chewing, swallowing, or even breathing. 

Fatigue is also common, and symptoms may worsen with exertion but improve with rest.

How is MG diagnosed?

Doctors diagnose MG through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and specialized tests. 

Blood tests can detect certain antibodies that interfere with nerve signals. However, not all MG patients test positive for these antibodies, especially those with only eye-related symptoms. 

For a more detailed assessment, doctors may use electrodiagnostic studies, which measure how well nerves communicate with muscles.

What causes MG?

The exact cause of MG is still unknown, but it is an autoimmune disorder. This means the body's immune system mistakenly attacks proteins at the neuromuscular junction, preventing proper muscle function. 

Many MG patients have abnormalities in their thymus gland, which may contribute to antibody production. While MG is not inherited, certain genetic factors can increase the risk of developing the disease. 

Additionally, infections, stress, surgery, and some medications can trigger or worsen symptoms.

How MG differs from other neuromuscular diseases

Unlike other neuromuscular disorders that cause steady and progressive weakness, MG symptoms tend to fluctuate. Muscle weakness can come and go, often worsening with activity and improving with rest. This unique pattern helps distinguish MG from other neuromuscular conditions like muscular dystrophies.

Common triggers that worsen MG symptoms

People with MG may notice that their symptoms get worse due to infections, stress, surgery, or certain medications. Being aware of these triggers can help individuals manage their condition more effectively.

Advice for those newly diagnosed

Receiving an MG diagnosis can feel overwhelming, but learning about the disease is a crucial first step. 

Patients should work closely with their healthcare team to develop a treatment plan. Since MG can be unpredictable, it’s important to recognize warning signs, such as difficulty breathing or swallowing, and seek medical attention when needed. 

Understanding potential triggers and following prescribed treatments can make managing the condition easier.

The role of caregivers in MG support

Caregivers play a vital role in helping MG patients with daily activities, medication management and emotional support. Their assistance can make a significant difference in maintaining the patient’s quality of life and ensuring safety during periods of muscle weakness.

UK HealthCare’s approach to MG treatment and research

UK HealthCare has been at the forefront of MG treatment and research. Over the past decade, several new medications have been developed, many of which were tested through clinical trials at UK HealthCare. The institution is home to a team of skilled neurologists, neuromuscular specialists and neuro-ophthalmologists dedicated to diagnosing and treating MG. Ongoing research continues to explore new ways to improve treatment options and patient outcomes.

Myasthenia gravis is a challenging but manageable condition. With the right treatment, support, and awareness, people with MG can lead fulfilling lives. UK HealthCare remains committed to advancing MG research and providing top-tier care to those affected by this complex disease.